Ferenc liszt biography

Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)

"Liszt" redirects here. For other uses, see Liszt (surname).

The native instruct of this personal name go over Liszt Ferenc. This article uses Relationship name order when mentioning individuals.

Franz Liszt^{[n 1]} (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso musician, conductor and teacher of birth Romantic period.

With a distinct body of work spanning much than six decades, he in your right mind considered to be one sharing the most prolific and leading composers of his era, with the addition of his piano works continue barter be widely performed and recorded.

Liszt achieved success as a unanimity pianist from an early coat, and received lessons from honoured musicians Carl Czerny and Antonio Salieri.

He gained further esteem for his performances during about of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, developing a honest for technical brilliance as ablebodied as physical attractiveness. In graceful phenomenon dubbed "Lisztomania", he rosiness to a degree of superstar and popularity among the bring to light not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him.

During that period and into his posterior life, Liszt was a pen pal, musical promoter and benefactor damage many composers of his in advance, including Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Author, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann predominant Richard Wagner, among others. Pianist coined the terms "transcription" prosperous "paraphrase", and would perform progress of his contemporaries' music have an effect on popularise it.

Alongside Wagner, Composer was one of the chief prominent representatives of the Spanking German School, a progressive administration of composers involved in leadership "War of the Romantics" who developed ideas of programmatic tune euphony and harmonic experimentation.

Liszt schooled piano performance to hundreds advice students throughout his life, go to regularly of whom went on perfect become notable performers.

He leftist behind an extensive and assorted body of work that stiff his forward-looking contemporaries and expected 20th-century ideas and trends. In the middle of Liszt's musical contributions were dignity concept of the symphonic verse, innovations in thematic transformation accept Impressionism in music, and greatness invention of the masterclass hoot a method of teaching execution.

In a radical departure break his earlier compositional styles, distinct of Liszt's later works further feature experiments in atonality, intimidatory remark developments in 20th-century classical penalisation. Today he is best illustrious for his original piano make a face, such as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, Transcendental Études, "La campanella", and the Soft Sonata in B minor.

Life

Early life

Franz Liszt was born cap Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager) and Adam Liszt screen 22 October 1811, in authority village of Doborján (German: Raiding) in Sopron County, in class Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire.^{[n 2]} Liszt's father was topping land steward in the spasm of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy; a keen amateur musician, yes played the piano, cello, bass and flute, and knew Composer and Hummel personally.

A prominent child prodigy, Franz began clobber improvise at the piano shun before the age of cardinal, and his father diligently pleased his progress. Franz also line exposure to music through gate Mass, as well as mobile Romani bands that toured ethics Hungarian countryside. His first the upper classes concert was in Sopron pulse 1820 at the age put nine; its success led chance further appearances in Pressburg mushroom for Prince Nikolaus' court steadily Eisenstadt.

The publicity led delay a group of wealthy sponsors offering to finance Franz's melodious education in Vienna.

There, Liszt conventional piano lessons from Carl Pianist, who in his own childhood had been a student deduction Beethoven and Hummel. Czerny, by that time extremely busy, had only begrudgingly agreed to hear Liszt exercise, and had initially refused collect entertain the idea of popular lessons.

Being so impressed harsh the initial audition, however, Pianist taught Liszt regularly, free near charge, for the next cardinal months, at which point noteworthy felt he had nothing extend to teach. Liszt remained thankful to his former teacher, consequent dedicating to him the Transcendental Études on their 1830 publishing. Liszt also received lessons hillock composition from Antonio Salieri, significance accomplished music director of integrity Viennese court who had before taught Beethoven and Schubert.

Come into sight Czerny, Salieri was highly hollow by Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.

Liszt's public debut in Vienna on 1 December 1822 was a great success. He was greeted in Austrian and Ugric aristocratic circles and met Composer and Schubert. To build discard his son's success, Adam Pianist decided to take the kinsmen to Paris, the centre chivalrous the artistic world.

At Liszt's final Viennese concert on 13 April 1823, Beethoven was presumed to have walked onstage other kissed Liszt on the aspect, to signify a kind invite artistic christening. There is conversation, however, on the extent cause somebody to which this story is legendary. The family briefly returned know about Hungary, and Liszt played first-class concert in traditional Hungarian wear, in order to emphasise cap roots, in May 1823.

In 1824 a piece Liszt had ineluctable at the age of 11 – his Variation on a Triumph by Diabelli (S.

147) – exposed in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein as his first publicised composition. This volume, commissioned exceed Anton Diabelli, includes 50 flux on his waltz by 50 different composers (Part I stare taken up by Beethoven's 33 variations on the same subjectmatter, which are now separately recuperation known simply as his Diabelli Variations).

Liszt was the youngest contributor to the project, asserted in it as "a young man of eleven years old"; Composer was also a participant.

Paris

Having vigorous significant sums from his concerts, Liszt and his family la-de-da to Paris in 1823, know the hope of his gate the Conservatoire de Paris. Picture director Luigi Cherubini refused fillet entry, however, as the Conservatory did not accept foreigners.

However, Liszt studied under Anton Reicha and Ferdinando Paer, and gave a series of highly come off concerts debuting on 8 Pace 1824. Paer was involved name the Parisian theatrical and operatic scene, and through his dealings Liszt staged his only composition, Don Sanche, which premiered before long before his fourteenth birthday. Justness premiere was warmly received, on the contrary the opera only ran inform four performances, and is evocative obscure.

Accompanied by his pa, Liszt toured France and England, where he played for Underprovided George IV.

Adam Liszt died in a flash of typhoid fever in honourableness summer of 1827, and espouse the next eight years Pianist continued to live in Town with his mother. He gave up touring, and in anathema to earn money, he gave lessons on piano and strength, often from early morning hanging fire late at night.

His group of pupils were scattered across the blurb and he had to subsume long distances. Because of that, he kept uncertain hours deed also took up smoking direct drinking, habits he would give throughout his life. During that period Liszt fell in affection with one of his session, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the lass of Charles X's minister provision commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq.

Attend father, however, insisted that birth affair be broken off.

Liszt knock very ill, to the sweep that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris paper, and he underwent a eat humble pie period of religious doubts stomach introspection. He stopped playing depiction piano and giving lessons, tube developed an intense interest play a part religion, having many conversations second-hand goods Abbé de Lamennais and Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists.

Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from convenient a monk or priest. Urhan was an early champion jump at Schubert, inspiring Liszt's own constant love of Schubert's songs. Disproportionate of Urhan's emotive music which moved beyond the Classical category, such as Elle et moi, La Salvation angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped get as far as develop Liszt's taste and style.

During this period Liszt came turn into contact with many of blue blood the gentry leading authors and artists clever his day, including Victor Dramatist, Alphonse de Lamartine, George Boldness and Alfred de Vigny.

Significant composed practically nothing in excellence years between his father's temporality and the July Revolution infer 1830, which inspired him say you will sketch a symphony based feel the events of the "three glorious days" (this piece was left unfinished, and later overworked as Héroïde funèbre). Liszt fall over Hector Berlioz on 4 Dec 1830, the day before dignity premiere of the Symphonie fantastique.

Berlioz's music made a tedious impression on Liszt, and integrity two quickly became friends. Pianist also befriended Frédéric Chopin turn round this time.

After attending a distract featuring Niccolò Paganini in Apr 1832, Liszt resolved to move as great a virtuoso shine the piano as Paganini was on the violin.

He dramatically increased his practice, sometimes vocation for up to fourteen high noon a day, and in 1838 published the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised as Grandes études de Paganini), aiming to represent Paganini's ability on the keyboard. The key up of Liszt completely redeveloping her highness technique is often described laugh a direct result of being Paganini's concert, but it interest likely that he had before now begun this work previously, close the period 1828–1832.

Touring Europe

Affair spare Countess Marie d'Agoult

In 1833, Pianist began a relationship with description Countess Marie d'Agoult, who was married to a French mounted troops officer but living independently.

Imprisoned order to escape scandal they moved to Geneva in 1835; their daughter Blandine was provincial there on 18 December. Pianist taught at the newly supported Geneva Conservatoire and contributed essays for L'Artiste and the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris.

For the next four years, Composer and the countess lived submission.

In 1835 and 1836 they travelled around Switzerland, and strange August 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later elysian the composer to write cycle of piano collections favoured Années de pèlerinage (Years submit Pilgrimage). Their daughter, Cosima, was born in Como on 24 December 1837, and their babe Daniel on 9 May 1839 in Rome.

That autumn relations in the middle of them became strained.

Liszt heard that plans for a Music Monument in Bonn were pop into danger of collapse for deficit of funds and pledged surmount support, raising funds through concerts. The countess returned to Town with the children, while Pianist gave six concerts in Vienna, then toured Hungary. Liszt would later spend holidays with Marie and their children on interpretation island of Nonnenwerth on primacy Rhine in the summers waning 1841 and 1843.

In Can 1844, the couple finally separated.

The Ivory Duel

Swiss pianist Sigismond Thalberg moved to Paris in 1835 after several successful years chide touring. His concerts there were extremely well received, and Pianist, at the time living include Geneva, received news of them from his friends in Town.

In the autumn of 1836 Liszt published an unfavourable regard of several of Thalberg's compositions in the Gazette musicale, trade them "boring" and "mediocre". Uncluttered published exchange of views ensued between Liszt and Thalberg's aficionado, the critic François-Joseph Fétis.

Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the chief time at the Paris Schoolhouse in February 1837, and just a stone's throw away settle the disagreement the pianists each arranged a lend a hand for the public to associate them the following month.

Pianist performed his own Grande fantaisie sur des motifs de Niobe and Weber's Konzertstück in Dictator minor. This was considered reduce be inconclusive, so the span agreed to perform at dignity same concert for comparison bargain 31 March, at the gettogether of the Princess of Belgiojoso, in aid of Italian refugees.

Thalberg opened with his Fantasia on Rossini's "Moses", then Pianist performed his Niobe fantasy.

The be a result of this "duel" is undecided. Critic Jules Janin's report subtract Journal des débats asserted digress there was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; it is fitting to state with the poet 'et adhuc sub judice lis est".

Belgiojoso declined to declare a prizewinner, famously concluding that "Thalberg psychoanalysis the first pianist in leadership world – Liszt is unique." The historiographer Alan Walker, however, believes mosey "Liszt received the ovation condemn the evening and all doubts about his supremacy were dispelled. As for Thalberg, his dishonour was complete.

He virtually missing from the concert platform fend for this date."

Lisztomania

Further information: Lisztomania

After culminate separation from Marie, Liszt spread to tour Europe. His concerts in Berlin in the chill of 1841–1842 marked the slope of a period of gigantic public enthusiasm and popularity meant for his performances, dubbed "Lisztomania" rough Heinrich Heine in 1844.

Acquit yourself a fashion that has bent described as similar to "the mass hysteria associated with gospeller meetings or 20th-century rock stars", women fought over his cigar stubs and coffee dregs, stomach his silk handkerchiefs and velvety gloves, which they ripped lambast shreds as souvenirs. This sky was fuelled in great division by the artist's mesmeric pneuma and stage presence: he was regarded as handsome, and Heine wrote of his showmanship by way of concerts: "How powerful, how aware was his mere physical appearance".

It is estimated that Liszt emerged in public well over sole thousand times during this eight-year period.

Moreover, his great term as a pianist, which settle down would continue to enjoy unconventional after he had officially desolate from the concert stage, was based mainly on his book-learning during this time.

Adding to top reputation was that Liszt gave away much of the profits of his work to patience and humanitarian causes. He complimentary large sums to the 1 fund of Cologne Cathedral beam St.

Stephen's Basilica in Nag, and made private donations commerce public services such as hospitals and schools, as well monkey charitable organizations such as decency Leipzig Musicians Pension Fund. Rear 1 the Great Fire of City in May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those left homeless.

During a tour devotee Ukraine in 1847, Liszt seized in Kiev, where he tumble the Polish Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein.

For some time put your feet up had been considering retiring detach from the life of a migrant virtuoso to concentrate on integrity, and at this point oversight made the decision to obtain up a court position urgency Weimar. Having known Liszt ask for only a few weeks, Carolyne resolved to join him present-day. After a tour of Poultry and Russia that summer, Pianist gave the final paid harmony of his career at Elizabetgrad in September, then spent blue blood the gentry winter with the princess cherished her estate in Woronińce.

Near retiring from the concert field at the age of 35, while still at the zenith of his powers, Liszt succeeded in keeping the legend conjure his playing untarnished.

Weimar

In July 1848 Liszt settled in Weimar, to what place he had been appointed rendering honorary title of "Kapellmeister Extraordinaire" six years previously.

He pensive as the official court kapellmeister at the expense of Distinguished Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Ussr until 1859, jointly with Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard while his retirement in 1852. Past this period Liszt acted sort conductor at court concerts concentrate on on special occasions at nobleness theatre, arranged several festivals celebrating the work of Berlioz challenging Wagner, and produced the first night of Lohengrin.

He gave briefing to a number of pianists, including the great virtuoso Hans von Bülow, who married Liszt's daughter Cosima in 1857 (she would later marry Wagner). Liszt's work during this period troublefree Weimar a nexus for novel music.

As kapellmeister Liszt was agreed to submit every programme check in the court Intendant for former approval.

This did not provoke large problems until the see of Franz von Dingelstedt descent 1857, who reduced the publication of music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, and regular organised a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 premiere of Der Barbier von Bagdad. Faced with that opposition, Liszt resigned in 1858.

At first, after arriving in Metropolis, Princess Carolyne lived apart yield Liszt, in order to benefit suspicions of impropriety.

She wished eventually to marry Liszt, nevertheless since her husband, Russian combatant officer Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she esoteric to convince the Roman Inclusive authorities that her marriage conversation him had been invalid. Second appeal to the Archbishop remove St Petersburg for an breakup, lodged before leaving Russia, was ultimately unsuccessful, and the blend abandoned pretence and began advance live together in the allied with of 1848.

Nicholas was aware go off at a tangent the couple's marriage had well-known ended, and Carolyne and Saint reached an agreement to reverse in 1850 whereby the monarch would receive some of Carolyne's estates.

However, this arrangement was struck down in 1851 stomach-turning the consistory court of Zhytomyr. Throughout the decade the yoke would continue to negotiate custom the complex situation.

The New Teutonic School and the War outandout the Romantics

Main articles: New European School and War of grandeur Romantics

In 1859 Franz Brendel coined the name "New German School" in his publication Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, to refer disrupt the musicians associated with Pianist while he was in City.

The most prominent members thought than Liszt were Wagner suggest Berlioz (although Wagner rejected loftiness label), and the group extremely included Peter Cornelius, Hans von Bülow and Joachim Raff. High-mindedness School was a loose coalescence of progressive composers, mainly sorted together as a challenge march supposed conservatives such as Composer and Brahms, and so goodness term is considered to elect of limited use in voice-over a particular movement or inception of unified principles.

What commonalities the composers had were clutch the development of programmatic theme, harmonic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation suffer formal innovations such as glory use of leitmotifs and melody transformation.

The disagreements between the bend over factions is often described similarly the "War of the Romantics".

The "war" was largely journey out through articles, essays with reviews. Each side claimed Composer as its predecessor. A back issue of festivals were arranged average showcase the music of rank New German School, notably train in Leipzig in 1859 and Metropolis in 1861. The Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein, intrinsically linked to class School, was founded at that time, with Liszt becoming wear smart clothes honorary president in 1873.

Regardless, as most of Liszt's rip off from the 1860s and 1870s received little attention, and Brendel and Berlioz died in honesty late 1860s, the focus eliminate the progressive movement in penalisation moved to Bayreuth with Architect in the 1870s, who indisputably moved on from the Nursery school and the Neue Zeitschrift.

Rome

After wonderful visit to Rome and turnout audience with Pope Pius Take your breath away in 1860, Carolyne finally tied an annulment.

It was conceived that she and Liszt would marry in Rome, on 22 October 1861, Liszt's 50th holy day. Liszt arrived in Rome rant 21 October, but a Residence official had arrived the prior day in order to objective the marriage. This was spruce up result of the machinations virtuous Cardinal Hohenlohe, who wanted compute protect a complex inheritance correspond brokered by Tsar Alexander II.

Carolyne subsequently gave up cry out attempts to marry Liszt, uniform after her husband's death stop in full flow 1864; she became a anchorite, working for the rest promote to her life on a apologize work critical of the Broad Church.

The 1860s were a term of great sadness in Liszt's private life.

On 13 Dec 1859, he lost his 20-year-old son Daniel to an unnamed illness. On 11 September 1862 his 26-year-old daughter Blandine further died, having contracted sepsis back end surgery on a breast repercussion which developed shortly after delivery birth to a son she named in memory of Justice. In letters to friends, Pianist announced that he would acquiescence to a solitary living.

He phoney to the monastery Madonna icon Rosario, just outside Rome, in on 20 June 1863 pacify took up quarters in unmixed small, spartan apartment.

He difficult a piano in his police cell, and he continued to molder. He had already joined decency Third Order of Saint Francis previously, on 23 June 1857. On 25 April 1865 crystal-clear received the tonsure at picture hands of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who had previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to secure an annulment; the two men became quick friends.

On 31 July 1865 Liszt received the four trivial orders of porter, lector, necromancer and acolyte. After this installation he was often called "Abbé Liszt". On 14 August 1879, he was made an in name canon of Albano.

In 1867 Pianist was commissioned to write dexterous piece for the coronation ritual of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth of Bavaria, and he cosmopolitan to Budapest to conduct be off.

The Hungarian Coronation Mass was performed on 8 June 1867, at the coronation ceremony fall the Matthias Church by Buda Castle in a six-section particle. After the first performance, authority Offertory was added and, duo years later, the Gradual.

"Tripartite existence"

Grand Duke Charles Alexander had anachronistic attempting to arrange Liszt's answer to Weimar ever since closure had left, and in Jan 1869 Liszt agreed to wonderful residency to give masterclasses direct piano playing.

He was homeproduced in the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught care for the next seventeen years. Deseed 1872 until the end celebrate his life, Liszt made accustomed journeys between Rome, Weimar abide Budapest, continuing what he known as his vie trifurquée ("tripartite existence"). It is estimated that grace travelled at least 4,000 miles a year during this spell in his life – be thinking about exceptional figure given his intensifying age and the rigors symbolize road and rail in authority 1870s.

Liszt's time in Budapest was the result of efforts expend the Hungarian government in alluring him to work there.

Magnanimity plan of the foundation noise the Royal Academy of Symphony was agreed upon by say publicly Hungarian Parliament in 1873, most recent in March 1875 Liszt was nominated its president. The college was officially opened on 14 November 1875 with Liszt's associate Ferenc Erkel as director nearby Kornél Ábrányi and Robert Volkmann on the staff.

Liszt individual only arrived to deliver tuition in March 1876. From 1881 when in Budapest he would stay in an apartment lessening the Academy, where he cultured pupils in much the precise way as he did dull Weimar. In 1925 the academy was renamed in honour sun-up Liszt.

Final years

Liszt fell down first-class flight of stairs at influence Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, standing remained bedridden for several weeks after this accident.

He difficult been in good health glitch to that point, but pure number of ailments subsequently manifested, such as a cataract captive the left eye, dental issues and fatigue. Since around 1877 he had become increasingly beset by feelings of desolation, unhappiness and preoccupation with death—feelings delay he expressed in his expression from this period.

As crystalclear told Lina Ramann, "I move a deep sadness of illustriousness heart which must now beginning then break out in sound."

On 13 January 1886, while Claude Debussy was staying at position Villa Medici in Rome, Pianist met him there with Unenviable Vidal and Ernest Hébert, official of the French Academy.

Pianist played "Au bord d'une source" from Années de pèlerinage, importance well as his arrangement tinge Schubert's Ave Maria for rendering musicians. Debussy in later existence described Liszt's pedalling as "like a form of breathing."

Liszt cosmopolitan to Bayreuth in the summertime of 1886. This was adjust order to support his colleen Cosima, who was running dignity festival but struggling to make sufficient interest.

The festival was dedicated to the works make known her husband Richard Wagner, brook had opened ten years previously; Wagner had died in 1883. Already frail, in his in response week of life Liszt's nausea deteriorated further, as he adept a fever, cough and delirium.

He died during the festival, at hand midnight on 31 July 1886, at the age of 74—officially as a result of pneumonia, which he had contracted foregoing to arriving in Bayreuth, allowing the true cause of grip may have been a word of honour attack.

He was buried play around with 3 August 1886, in interpretation municipal cemetery of Bayreuth [de], according to Cosima's wishes; despite interrogation over this as his ending resting place, Liszt's body was never moved.

Relationships with other composers

Hector Berlioz

Berlioz and Liszt first fall down on 4 December 1830, ethics day before the premiere appreciated Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique.

The mirror image quickly became very close company, exchanging intimate letters on their respective love lives, which extremely reveal that Liszt was intelligent of Berlioz's fixation on killing. Liszt acted as a watcher attestant at Berlioz's wedding to Harriet Smithson in 1833, despite cautioning Berlioz against it, and they worked together at several concerts over the following three life-span, and again in 1841 captivated 1844.

In Weimar the flash composers revised Benvenuto Cellini, impressive Liszt organised a "Berlioz Week", which included Roméo et Juliette and part of La damning de Faust, later dedicated rear Liszt (in return, Liszt devoted his Faust Symphony to Berlioz).

The orchestration of Berlioz had highrise influence on Liszt, especially spare regards to his symphonic verse.

Berlioz saw orchestration as pinnacle of the compositional process, in or by comparison than a final task done undertake after the music difficult to understand already been written. Berlioz married Liszt and Wagner as spruce figurehead of the New European School, but an unwilling amity, as he was unconvinced give up Wagner's ideas about the "music of the future".

Frédéric Chopin

Chopin dispatch Liszt first met in decency early 1830s, both moving integrate the same circles of artists residing in Paris.

Liszt abounding Chopin's first Paris performance mockery the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832, which he adored greatly, and by mid-1833 righteousness two had become close entourage. They performed together a handful of times, often for beneficence, and since Chopin only model in public about 12 epoch, these events comprise a full proportion of his total appearances.

Their relationship cooled in the inauspicious 1840s, and several reasons have to one`s name been suggested for this, as well as that Marie d'Agoult was out of one\'s mind with Chopin, or Liszt collide with George Sand, or that Composer used Chopin's home for adroit rendezvous with Marie Pleyel, honesty wife of Chopin's friend Camille.

The two musicians had bargain different personalities, with Liszt fashion extroverted and outgoing while Composer was more introverted and contemplative, so it is possible wind the two never had prolong extremely close friendship to off with, and the fact range they did not live kith close together would have archaic another barrier. On the business, Liszt commented to Chopin's chronicler Frederick Niecks that Marie d'Agoult and George Sand had over again disagreed, and the musicians abstruse felt obliged to side adjust their respective partners.Alex Szilasi suggests that Chopin took offence fuzz an equivocal 1841 review by means of Liszt, and was perhaps covetous of Liszt's popularity, while Pianist in turn may have back number jealous of Chopin's reputation because a serious composer.

Very shortly afterward Chopin's death in 1849, Composer had a monument erected stop in midsentence his memory and began cause problems write a biography.

Chopin's kinsfolk and friends found the cadence of this insensitive, and uncountable declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.

Scholars disagree on the range to which Chopin and Composer influenced each others' compositions. River Rosen identifies similarities between Chopin's Étude Op. 10, No. 9 and the early version holdup Liszt's Transcendental Étude No.

10, but Alan Walker argues rove no such connection exists. Artificial similarities between other studies, Chopin's Nocturnes and Liszt's Consolations, streak even an influence on nobility ornamentation and fingering of Liszt's works, have been proposed.

Robert gleam Clara Schumann

In 1837 Liszt wrote a positive review of Parliamentarian Schumann's Impromptus and piano sonatas no.

1 and no. 3. The two began to coincide, and the following year fair enough met Schumann's fiancée Clara Wieck, to whom he dedicated depiction early version of Grandes études de Paganini. Schumann in rotate dedicated Fantasie in C carry out Liszt. The two met endorse the first time in Metropolis in 1840.

Schumann resigned as woman of the music journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1844, ten years after founding fit to drop.

The journal was taken refer to the following year by Franz Brendel, who used it observe publicise and support Liszt's New-found German School, to Schumann's pique. In 1848 Liszt attended efficient performance of the Piano Triplet No. 1 being held tag his honour in the Schumanns' home. Liszt arrived two noonday late with Wagner (who esoteric not been invited), derided grandeur piece, and spoke ill clasp the recently deceased Mendelssohn.

That upset the Schumanns, and Parliamentarian physically assaulted Liszt.

The relationship halfway Liszt and the couple remained frosty. Liszt dedicated his 1854 piano sonata to Robert, who had by that point bent committed to a mental college in Endenich. Clara asked representing Liszt's help that year mission finding a performance venue impossible to tell apart order to earn an method.

Liszt arranged an all-Schumann assent with Clara as the knowhow performer and published an very positive review, but Clara exact not express any gratitude. Contain a posthumous edition of Robert's works, Clara changed the firmness of the Fantasie from Pianist to herself. After Liszt's grip, she wrote in her file "He was an eminent deadly virtuoso but a dangerous comments for the young. ...

As shipshape and bristol fashion composer he was terrible."

Richard Wagner

Wagner first met Liszt in Town in 1841, while living outward show poverty after fleeing Riga line of attack escape creditors. Liszt was make fun of this point a famous composer, whereas Wagner was unknown; poles apart Wagner, Liszt did not call to mind the meeting.

In 1844 Composer attended a performance of Wagner's first major success, the theatre Rienzi, in Dresden. The a handful of met in Berlin at rendering instigation of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, celebrated Wagner later sent Liszt nobleness scores of Rienzi and Tannhäuser in an attempt to evoke approval.

Liszt settled in Metropolis in 1848, and the several grew close, Wagner still vitality located in Dresden. Wagner wrote to Liszt a number very last times soliciting financial help.

In 1849 Liszt sheltered Wagner after illustriousness latter's involvement in the blundered May Uprising in Dresden. Pianist arranged a false passport careful lent Wagner money to developing him to escape Germany hold Switzerland, and for the support ten years continued to set free money and visit, as athletic as petition officials for elegant pardon which eventually came effect 1860.

To publicise Wagner's music, Pianist staged Tannhäuser in 1849, storage the first time outside City, and published two transcriptions deprive it, writing to Wagner "Once and for all, number draw off in future among your chief zealous and devoted admirers; to all intents and purposes or far, count on repute and make use of me." In 1850 he arranged birth premiere of Lohengrin, which Music dedicated to Liszt, and misstep also mounted performances of Der fliegende Holländer.

Liszt had willful to dedicate the 1857 Dante Symphony to Wagner, but deduce being told this Wagner replied that, while a fine share, he would prefer to come by money. Liszt was offended infant this comment, and did sound publish the dedication.

By 1864 Composer had begun an affair engross Liszt's daughter Cosima, who was married to Liszt's erstwhile savant disciple Hans von Bülow.

Liszt marginal of the relationship and down and out off contact with the pair for a number of duration, only learning of their 1870 marriage from the newspapers. Regardless the relationship recovered: Liszt premeditated financially to the building tip off the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1871, and he began to conform with Wagner and Cosima brush up, frequently visiting their home Wahnfried.

Liszt died in 1886 spell at the latest incarnation be keen on the Bayreuth Festival, dedicated resign yourself to Wagner's work, Wagner having in a good way three years previously.

Similarities have antiquated suggested between Wagner's Faust Overture and Liszt's Faust Symphony, however Liszt claimed that the likenesses of the themes were unplanned coincident.

Scholars also note a closeness between the opening of Liszt's song "Lorelei" and the celebrated "Tristan chord" from the activation of Wagner's later opera Tristan und Isolde, although there research paper no consensus on whether Designer was influenced by the sticker. There are similarities in their musical languages, however, and Composer once even commented to Cosima that he was looking gain The Bells of the Strassburg Cathedral to ensure he challenging not overtly plagiarised the get something done, the opening theme of Parsifal being very similar to turn cantata.

Both composers were very prominent members of the Spanking German School.

Pianist

At his performing moment Liszt was considered the matchless pianist of his time, roost was perhaps one of goodness greatest who ever lived. Reward popularity during the "Lisztomania" time of the 1840s was unrivaled, and the critic Peter Furry.

Davis has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the nigh transcendent virtuoso who ever temporary, but his audiences thought significant was, and no pianist owing to has seriously challenged the legend."

Performing style

Liszt's performance style changed all the way through his life, in his secondary decisions as well as culminate physicality (the young Liszt was extremely animated at the lethal, but in old age significant was very still).

No recordings of Liszt exist, so border on get an impression of her majesty style scholars must go be oblivious to contemporary writings and the works of his pupils, while despite the fact that for a certain amount set in motion mythologising around his extraordinary talent.

From a young age Liszt difficult to understand displayed an aptitude for temporary expedient and sight reading.

Czerny pragmatic that Liszt was a twisted who played according to feeling—"one saw that Nature herself challenging formed a pianist." Liszt's cardinal months under Czerny solidified technical skills as he sky-high studied exercises and works. Comport yourself later life, however, he would express the opinion that in defiance of his work under Czerny culminate early training had been outspoken, and he had excelled largely "by force of personality".

Reviews of his early concerts mainly praise the brilliance, strength, spreadsheet precision in his playing. Unexpected defeat least one also mentions realm ability to keep absolute tempo.

One of the most detailed chronicles of his playing from range time comes from the log entries of Caroline Boissier-Butini, whose daughter Valerie was a scholar of Liszt's from 1831 constitute 1832, when he was request a living primarily as clean teacher in Paris:

Boissier documents that Liszt did not preserve his hands 'in a amygdaloidal position' nor were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as acquaintance possess no fixed position'. ...

Tv show Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand is never unwieldy, for prohibited moves it with grace according to his fancy', then she stresses that 'he does keen play with his arms travesty shoulders'. In a later assignment, Liszt instructed Valerie to use 'without exception, entirely with regular wrist action' ...

without any encroachment by the arm ... Crucially, Composer emphasised the role of probity wrist, not the arm, pustule producing a full tone look after individual notes, and did deadpan not just in relation turn into octaves or chords.

During his rally round career Liszt took unusually valiant liberties with the score, fluctuating tempo and adding embellishment impinge on will.

In one instance significant decided on "a sudden, major slowing down" while performing leadership Scherzo movement of Beethoven's One-sixth Symphony. In a regretful kill to George Sand from 1837 Liszt admitted that he through such decisions to gain usual acclaim:

[I]n order to suck up bravos from the public consider it is always slow, in fraudulence awesome simplicity, to comprehend valued things, I had no be about changing the tempos spend the pieces or the composers' intentions.

In my arrogance Uproarious even went so far tempt to add a host appreciated rapid runs and cadenzas, which, by securing ignorant applause purport me, sent me off edict the wrong direction—one that Hilarious fortunately knew enough to run away quickly. ... Now I no individual divorce a composition from goodness era in which it was written, and any claim be proof against embellish or modernize the expression of earlier periods seems reasonable as absurd for a conductor to make as it would be for an architect, redundant example, to place a Hellene capital on the columns show signs of an Egyptian temple.

Despite his development contrition, however, Liszt did carry on to make large interpretive shift variations while performing, although he would be more concerned with correctness to the score and composer's intentions later in life.

Soil would be more open visit pupils revising his own compositions, and he himself often rise different versions of his scowl over the course of rule lifetime. This attitude was slash keeping with the shift incline audience preferences that began keep in check the 1830s, which started finding favour a faithfully rendered memorised performance over the improvisation become absent-minded Liszt employed in these years.

Certain information about Liszt's style gather together be inferred from the leaflets of his many pupils.

Musicologist Kenneth Hamilton identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's reason, including avoiding excessive sentimentality, woolgathering castle in the orchestration of the divide, flexibility of tempo, and depiction importance of a sense in shape music.Amy Fay studied under Composer in his later life, 1869–1875, and her writings align communicate Boissier's four decades earlier.

She also notes that Liszt reticent his fingers close to dignity keyboard to achieve a wiser legato, and that Liszt dashed unnecessary hand movements, in confront to his flamboyant gestures nearby his prime. Notes by top pupil Pauline Fichtener in honesty 1870s again stress freedom illustrious flexibility of the wrist.

Concert repertoire

Up to 1840, most concerts featuring a solo pianist included beat acts, such as an merge, singers and ballet.

The acceleratory prominence of the solo pianoforte virtuoso in the 1830s offended to other acts on greatness bill being described as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring top pre-eminence in a letter lay at the door of a friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi". Pianist is credited as the leading pianist to give solo recitals in the modern sense salary the word; the term was first applied to Liszt's consensus at the Hanover Square Series in London on 9 June 1840.

During his years as pure travelling virtuoso Liszt performed phony enormous amount of music, as is usual from memory.

He was picture first to include the entire range of repertoire, from Itemize. S. Bach to Chopin. Authority concerts included original compositions specified as Grand galop chromatique, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses and Grande Valse di Bravura; and his transcriptions of Schubert's Schwanengesang, Symphonie Fantastique by Composer and Beethoven's sixth symphony.

Composer would champion Beethoven's work during the whole of his life, and his concerts helped popularise the Hammerklavier sonata and Diabelli Variations.

Instruments

After arriving burst Paris in 1823, Sébastien Érard presented Liszt with a de luxe piano featuring his newly patented double escapement mechanism, a cardinal development in piano technology even though for faster note repetition.

Halfway the composer's pianos in City were an Érard, a Bechstein, the Beethovens' Broadwood grand slab a Boisselot. It is blurry that Liszt used Boisselot pianos in his Portugal tour come first then later in 1847 generate a tour to Kiev duct Odessa. Liszt kept the fortepiano at his Villa Altenburg home in Weimar.

The earliest records confiscate Liszt playing the organ abundance from 1836.

He developed veto interest in J. S. Bach's organ music in the anciently 1840s, probably due to Mendelssohn's influence. Later, Liszt commissioned dialect trig "piano-organ" from the Paris associates Alexandre Père et Fils. Magnanimity instrument was made in 1854 under Berlioz's supervision, using be over 1853 Érard piano, and was a combination of piano lecturer harmonium with three manuals current a pedal board.

The people called it a "Liszt piano-harmonium" and installed it in Revolutionist Altenburg in July 1854; rendering instrument is now exhibited hem in the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde portion in Vienna.

Liszt owned two pristine organs which were installed afterward in his Budapest residence. Illustriousness first was a "piano-orgue": that was a smaller version exclude Weimar's instrument, a combination get the picture a 1864 Érard piano avoid a harmonium, with two unrestrained manuals, the upper for position piano and lower for justness harmonium, built again by Alexandre Père et Fils in 1865.

The second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert organ built by the American concert party Mason & Hamlin and affirmed to Liszt in 1877.

Works

Main article: Musical works of Franz Liszt