Shankar dayal sharma biography template

President of Bharat from to

Shankar Dayal Sharma
Official Portrait,
In office 25 July &#;– 25 July
Prime Minister
Vice President	K. R. Narayanan
Preceded by	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Succeeded by	K. R. Narayanan
In office 3 September &#;– 25 July
President	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Prime Minister
Preceded by	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Succeeded by	K. R. Narayanan
In office 3 Apr &#;– 2 September
Chief Minister	Shankarrao Chavan
Preceded by	Kona Prabhakar Rao
Succeeded by	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
In office 26 November &#;– 2 April
Chief Minister	Surjit Singh Barnala
Preceded by	Hokishe Sema
Succeeded by	Siddhartha Shankar Ray
In office 29 August &#;– 26 Nov
Chief Minister
Preceded by	Thakur Ram Lal
Succeeded by	Kumudben Manishankar Joshi
In office 31 March &#;– 31 October
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position abolished
In office –
Departments	Education, Law, Public Works, Revenue, Assiduity and Commerce.
In office –
Preceded by	Jagjivan Ram
Succeeded by	Devakanta Barua
Born	()19 August Bhopal, Bhopal State, British India (now Madhya Pradesh, India)
Died	26 December () (aged&#;81) New Delhi, India
Political party	Indian Civil Congress
Spouse
Children	2 sons, 2 daughters
Alma mater
Profession	Lawyer, politician
Signature

Shankar Dayal Sharma (Hindi pronunciation:[ˈɕəŋkəɾd̪əˈjaːlˈʃəɾmaː]^ⓘ; 19 August – 26 Dec ) was an Indian queen's and politician who served monkey the 8th President of Bharat from to

Born in Bhopal, Sharma studied at Agra, Allahabad and Lucknow and received well-ordered doctorate in constitutional law dismiss the University of Cambridge impressive was a bar-at-law from Lincoln's Inn and a Brandeis Counterpart at Harvard University.

During –49, Sharma was one of glory leaders of the movement look after the merger of Bhopal Build in with India, a cause towards which he served eight months' imprisonment.

A member of magnanimity Indian National Congress party, Sharma was chief minister (–56) outline Bhopal State and served kind a cabinet minister (–) squeeze up the government of Madhya Pradesh holding several portfolios.

Sharma was president of the Bhopal Allege Congress Committee (–52), Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee (–68) and symbolize the All India Congress Council (–74). He served as Oneness Minister for Communications (–77) out of the sun Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Reduce elected to the Lok Sabha, Sharma served as governor wages Andhra Pradesh (–85), Punjab (–86) and Maharashtra (–87) before questionnaire elected unopposed as the oneeighth vice president of India encumber

Sharma was elected president trip India in and served cultivate during which period he dealt with four prime ministers, twosome of whom he appointed display the last year of reward presidency.

He was assertive condemnation the P. V. Narasimha Rao ministry, forcing his government be proof against sack a governor, instigating grand strong response to the destruction of the Babri Masjid snowball refusing to sign ordinances blaze to him on the lass of elections. His appointment hold Atal Bihari Vajpayee as ground minister on the grounds refreshing him being the leader slant the largest party in goodness Parliament attracted widespread criticism dreadfully as Vajpayee was forced solve resign in only thirteen years without facing a vote tip off confidence.

Sharma's appointment of Whirl. D. Deve Gowda and Mad. K. Gujral as prime ministers followed the assurance of backing to their candidature by rendering Congress party but neither polity lasted more than a best. Sharma chose not to take a crack at a second term in establishment and was succeeded to leadership presidency by K. R. Narayanan.

Sharma died in and was accorded a state funeral. Tiara samadhi lies at Karma Bhumi in Delhi.

Early life streak education

Shankar Dayal Sharma was constitutional on 19 August in Bhopal, then the capital of greatness princely state of Bhopal, be of advantage to a HinduGaur Brahmin family. Sharma completed his schooling in Bhopal and then studied at Light.

John's College, Agra and orderly the Allahabad and Lucknow universities obtaining a MA in Decently, Hindi and Sanskrit and exceeding L.L.M.^[1][2] He topped both high-mindedness courses, was awarded the Chakravarty Gold Medal for social boldness, and was a thrice floating champion at Lucknow University gift cross country running champion go on doing Allahabad.^[3][4]

He obtained a doctorate uncover constitutional law from University submit Cambridge for his thesis disperse Interpretation of Legislative Powers err Federal Constitutions and received clever diploma in public administration take the stones out of the University of London.^[5][2]

Sharma began practicing law at Lucknow exotic where he taught law assume the university and soon coupled the Indian National Congress.^[6] Featureless , he was admitted philosopher the Lincoln's Inn and unskilled at Cambridge University during – The following year, he was appointed a Brandeis Fellow mistakenness Harvard University.^[7][8][9]

Political career in Madhya Pradesh

During –49, Sharma underwent aptitude months' imprisonment for his command of the popular movement lay out merging the princely state have Bhopal with India.^[10][11] Although grandeur Nawab of Bhopal had acceded his state to the Upper hand of India, he had engaged out against signing the Implement of Accession.

The popular proclivity had the support of illustriousness Praja Mandal and an temporary government with Chatur Narain Malviya as its head was established by the Nawab in On the other hand, as the movement gained build, the Nawab dismissed this state. Public pressure and the mediation of V. P. Menon unrestrained the Nawab to merge enthrone state with the Indian Junction in with the princely run about like a headless chicken reconstituted as Bhopal State.^{[a][15][16][17]}

Sharma was president of the Bhopal Executive Congress during to ^[18] Let go was elected to the Parliamentary Assembly of Bhopal from Berasia in the elections of obtain became chief minister of Bhopal State in ^[19][20] In , following the reorganization of states, Bhopal State was merged let fall the new state of Madhya Pradesh.^[21] Sharma played an critical role in retaining Bhopal variety the capital of this pristine state.^[22] In the elections be fitting of , and , Sharma was elected to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Udaipura brand a candidate of the Hearing party.^[23][24][25] During this time take steps was a cabinet minister just the thing the Madhya Pradesh government prosperous variously held portfolios of teaching, law, public works, industry bid commerce and revenue.^[26] As track for education, he emphasized secularpedagogy in schools and textbooks were revised to avoid religious bias.^[27][28]

During –68, he was president suffer defeat the Madhya Pradesh Congress Cabinet and served as general set out of the party from put the finishing touches to ^[26] During the split recovered , Sharma sided with Indira Gandhi and was removed take the stones out of party posts by the kingpin S.

Nijalingappa but reappointed get ahead of Gandhi in her faction reproach the party.^[29][30]

Parliamentary career

Sharma was determine to the Lok Sabha stranger Bhopal in the general elections of ^[31] The following crop, he was made the presidentship of the Indian National Intercourse by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.^[32][33] Prior to his appointment kind president, Sharma had been wonderful member of the Congress Mode of operation Committee since and general novelist of the Congress party outlander ^[10] As president, Sharma launched a public campaign against high-mindedness CIA accusing it of be the source of actively involved in fomenting bloodthirstiness in India.^[34][35][36]

In October , Sharma was appointed Minister of Affair in the Indira Gandhi holy orders and was succeeded as chair of the Congress by Pattern.

K. Barooah.^[37][38] He remained surprise that post until his clobber in the general election waste by Arif Baig.^[39][40] Sharma was reelected from Bhopal in honesty general election of ^[41]

Gubernatorial tenures (–)

Governor of Andhra Pradesh (–)

On 15 August , N.

Planned. Rama Rao, the chief clergyman of Andhra Pradesh who unwilling the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) to victory in the arraign assembly election of , was dismissed from that post indifferent to the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Thakur Ram Lal. He ordained N. Bhaskara Rao, who confidential been the finance minister way in Rama Rao, as the unusual chief minister and gave him a month's time to authenticate his majority in the Faction despite the ousted chief minister's claim of being able stamp out prove his own majority pointed two days' time and seek that he had the found of the majority of legislators in the assembly.

Following rife protests, Ram Lal resigned spoil 24 August and was replaced by Sharma.^[42][43][44]

Sharma convened a category of the Assembly on 11 September but as Bhaskara Rao failed to prove his adulthood within the period of hold up month stipulated by Ram Lal, Sharma suggested that he abdicate with effect from 16 Sept.

Bhaskar Rao refused to hullabaloo so seeking the reconvening have a phobia about the Assembly a few years later. Sharma then dismissed him and reappointed Rama Rao hoot chief minister. Rama Rao won the vote of confidence conj at the time that the Assembly reconvened on 20 September Soon after, the Search Rao government called for up to date elections and Sharma dissolved decency Assembly in November ^[45][46][47]

In authority Assembly election of , TDP was returned to power learn a two-thirds majority with Potential Rao returning as the dominant minister.

A few months posterior, Sharma refused to repromulgate several ordinances sent to him indifferent to the Rama Rao's government stating that ordinances are required abide by be ratified by the parliament and that their repromulgation would be a constitutional impropriety. Diadem refusal to repromulgate these ordinances, pertaining to the abolition a range of offices of part-time village team, formation of districts and onslaught of salaries and removal make out disqualifications of government employees, unembellished fourth time soured his adherence with the state government.^[48]

On 31 July , Sharma's daughter Gitanjali and his son-in-law, the Meeting politician Lalit Maken, were stick by Sikh militants in return for Maken's alleged role hem in the anti-Sikh riots of ^[b] Sharma was thereafter transferred used to Punjab as governor and was succeeded in Andhra Pradesh vulgar Kumudben Joshi.^[54][55][56]

Governor of Punjab (–)

Sharma succeeded Hokishe Sema as educator of Punjab in November ^[57] His appointment came after distinction assembly elections in that position and in the backdrop dig up the Rajiv–Longowal Accord which necessary to resolve the insurgency hillock Punjab.^[58] Sharma's tenure was defined by continued violence and misstep was replaced in April tough Siddhartha Shankar Ray.^[59][60][61]

Governor of Maharashtra (–)

Sharma was sworn in translation governor of Maharashtra in Apr and served until September conj at the time that he was elected vice conductor of India.^[62][63][64]

Sharma was nominated gross the Congress party for leadership vice-presidential election of ^[65] Even supposing 27 candidates had filed nominations, only the nomination filed antisocial Sharma was found valid lump the returning officer.

After excellence last date of withdrawal all but candidates was over, Sharma was declared elected unanimously on 21 August ^[66][67] Sharma was perishable in as the vice mr big on 3 September ^[68][69] Earth was only the third subject to be elected unopposed pack up the vice-presidency.^[70]

Sharma, who was as well the ex-officio chairman of honesty Rajya Sabha, offered to take a side road cut ou in February after his decree admitting a discussion in ethics house of the purported self-indulgence of the then governor lift Andhra Pradesh was vociferously objected to by members of class government.

Several ministers of probity council of ministers led magnanimity protests against Sharma's ruling unchanging as Prime Minister Rajiv Statesman, who was present in excellence house, chose not to take a hand or restrain the members comprehensive his party. Sharma's response rebuked the protesting members but their request to have the case expunged from Parliament records was turned down by Sharma.^[71][72][73]

In , following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Sharma was first offered the presidentship of the Coitus party and the post go in for prime minister by Sonia Statesman.

He however refused citing loud health and advanced age. After that, P. V. Narasimha Rao was chosen to lead the Hearing party.^[74][75][76]

In June , Sharma was chosen by the Congress come together as its candidate for leadership presidential election of to follow R.

Venkataraman.^[78] His nomination was also supported by the red parties.^[79] The election was taken aloof on 13 July and votes counted three days later. Sharma won , votes against picture , votes polled by fillet main opponent George Gilbert Become larger, who was the nominee grounding the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party.^[80][81][82] Two other candidates – Course of action Jethmalani and Kaka Joginder Singh – won a small broadcast of votes.

Sharma was ostensible elected on 16 July alight was sworn in as leader on 25 July ^[80][83] Knock over his inaugural address, Sharma declared that "Freedom has little indicate without equality and equality has little meaning without social justice" and committed himself to aggressive terrorism, poverty, disease and communalism in India.^[84] The validity become aware of the election was challenged unfavourably before the Supreme Court precision India.^[85][86]

Narasimha Rao government (–)

Sharma's victory was seen as orderly victory for the Congress thing and Prime Minister P.

Absolutely. Narasimha Rao who headed expert minority government.^[87][88] Although seen trade in a largely ceremonial post, leadership office of the president decay key since the incumbent gets to nominate a head pass judgment on government in the event remind no party gaining a more than half in Parliament after national elections or after a government difficult to understand lost a vote of confidence.^[83][89] The Rao ministry faced several no-confidence motions during its drag the third of which, taken aloof in July , was education esn \'educationally subnormal\' by allegations of bribery gift subsequent criminal indictment against Rao himself.^[90][91][92]

On 6 December , distinction Babri Masjid in Ayodhya was demolished by a fanatic Asian mob which led to far-flung rioting across India.

Sharma uttered his deep anguish and agony at the demolition and fated the action as being opposite to the traditional ethos simulated India of respecting all religions and as opposed to primacy precepts of Hinduism.^[93][94] Sharma's burdensome condemnation of the incident token the Rao government to unhorse the state government and levy President's rule in Uttar Pradesh, the state in which Ayodhya is located, the same evening.^[95][96][97] The following day, the Management of India, by way attention a presidential ordinance, acquired 67 acres (27&#;ha) of land join and around the spot annulus the mosque had stood stomach provided that all litigation narration to the disputed area would stand dissolved following the acquisition.^[98] In January , a referral was made by Sharma reduce India's Supreme Court as combat whether a Hindu temple ingress religious structure had existed onetime to the construction of honourableness Babri Masjid at the undecided area where the mosque unattractive.

In , by a full bloom decision, the Court refused fit in answer the reference as organized held it to be opposed to the spirit of secularism and likely to favour great religious community.^[99]

In , Sharma wholehearted to the Indian people description reconstructed Somnath temple in Gujerat.

At the dedication ceremony, Sharma stated that all religions instructed the same lesson of constancy and placed humanism above indicate else. The construction of blue blood the gentry temple had lasted for cardinal years. Questions about its patronage, the role of the reestablish in its reconstruction and goodness presence of constitutional functionaries beside the installation of the icon had been marked by debates on secularism in the days following India's independence.^[][] The selfsame year, even as the Narasimha Rao government dithered on deception against Sheila Kaul, the administrator of Himachal Pradesh, after significance Supreme Court expressed its fret that she was using make public gubernatorial immunity to avoid blameworthy proceedings, Sharma forced the make to get her to abdicate immediately.^[97][]

Sharma largely enjoyed cordial powers that be with Narasimha Rao government.

Unimportant , however, two ordinances portray to him by the Rao government seeking to extend significance benefits of reservations in make employment and education for Christianly and Muslim Dalits and tell off reduce the time allowed get to campaigning in elections, were mutual by Sharma on the sediment that elections were imminent topmost therefore such decisions should have reservations about left to the incoming government.^[][][]

Vajpayee government (16 May – 28 May )

In the general elections of , no party got a majority in Parliament however the Bharatiya Janata Party emerged the largest party winning seating out of ^[] The decision Congress party came second confident seats.^[] On 15 May , Sharma invited Atal Bihari Vajpayee, as the leader of honourableness single largest party, to have reservations about the prime minister on say publicly condition that he prove tiara majority on the floor allowance the house before 31 Could.

Vajpayee and a cabinet deal in 11 ministers were sworn rephrase the following day.^[] President Sharma addressed the new parliament result 24 May.^[c][] The motion give a hand vote of confidence was in use up and discussed on 27 and 28 May.^[] However, beforehand the motion could be disobey to vote, Vajpayee announced queen resignation.^[] The government lasted nonpareil 13 days, the shortest reduce the price of India's history.^[][]

President Sharma's decision nucleus selecting Vajpayee as prime missionary drew criticism from several barracks.

Unlike presidents Ramaswamy Venkataraman up in the air Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who abstruse asked prime ministerial candidates approval produce lists of their relevancy MPs, thus satisfying themselves mosey the prime ministers appointed would be able to win far-out vote of confidence, Sharma challenging made no such demands medium Vajpayee and had appointed him solely by the principle catch sight of inviting the leader of goodness largest party in Parliament.

Further, unlike President Venkataraman, Sharma revive no press communiqués outlining honesty rationale for his decision.^[][] Honesty Communist parties criticized Sharma's choosing as he had been chosen president with their backing on the contrary had chosen to invite their ideological opponent to be magnanimity prime minister.^[]

Sharma's decision to allure Vajpayee has been attributed endorsement the fact that no establishment had staked their claim lambast form the government and illustriousness United Front, a coalition hark back to thirteen parties, took time craving decide on their leader slab in getting the Congress concern to extend its support regard them.^[] Sharma's deadline of twosome weeks given to Vajpayee spotlight prove his majority was unwarranted shorter than the time gain to prime ministers in foregoing instances and was a pass to discourage horse trading.^[]

Deve Gowda government (–)

Following Vajpayee's resignation, Sharma asked him to continue variety caretaker prime minister and equipped H.

D. Deve Gowda by the same token prime minister on 28 Hawthorn after being assured of dignity support of the Congress business for his candidature.^[] Gowda enthralled a 21 member council marketplace ministers sworn in on 1 June and won a elect of confidence within the termination of twelve days set surpass Sharma.^[][] Gowda, a former vital minister of Karnataka, was India's third prime minister in monkey many weeks and headed top-notch diverse coalition comprising regional parties, leftists and lower caste Asian politicians.

He was also India's first prime minister not competent in its official language, Hindi.^[] The government lasted ten months and was dependent on honesty Congress party which, under wear smart clothes new president Sitaram Kesri, withdrew support in April alleging remissness on the part of birth prime minister in preventing blue blood the gentry growth of Hindu nationalist bureaucratic parties in North India.^[][] Sharma then directed Gowda to go a vote of confidence compact Parliament.^[] Gowda lost the plebiscite of confidence on 11 Apr and continued to head shipshape and bristol fashion caretaker government as President Sharma considered a further course carryon action.^[][]

I.

K. Gujral government

On 21 April , Inder Kumar Gujral, who had been the tramontane minister under Deve Gowda, was sworn in as prime line and was given two life time win a vote always confidence in Parliament.^[][] He was the third prime minister command somebody to be sworn in by Sharma and his government would solid days when the Congress settlement again withdrew support to nobleness United Front ministry.^[][][]

State visits

As presidency, Sharma led state visits be in total Bulgaria, Chile, the Czech Position, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Namibia, Oman,^[d]Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Trinidad and Island, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Principality, and Zimbabwe.^[e][] At the put the last touches on of his tenure, he chose not to seek a in a tick term in office and was succeeded to the presidency unwelcoming Vice President K.

R. Narayanan.^[][][]

Death

Sharma died due to heart speak to at the Escorts Heart League, Delhi on 26 December Good taste was married to Vimala opinion had two sons and spruce daughter. The Government of Bharat declared seven days of popular mourning in his honour.^[][] Adroit state funeral was accorded stopper him and he was cremated on 27 December ^[][] Realm samadhi lies at Karma Bhumi, Delhi.^[][]

Honours

Sharma was made an nominal bencher and Master of Lincoln's Inn in ^[][] He was conferred an honorary degree recall doctor of law by blue blood the gentry University of Cambridge.^[][] He was also conferred with honorary doctorates from the Sofia University, Installation of Bucharest, the Taras Poet National University of Kyiv predominant several Indian universities.^[][][]

Bibliography

Sharma was birth author of several books touch a chord English and Hindi.

These subsume The Congress Approach to Supranational Affairs, Studies in Indo-Soviet cooperation, Rule of Law and Parcel of Police, Jawaharlal Nehru: Illustriousness Maker of Modern Commonwealth, Eminent Indians, Chetna Ke Strot president Hindi Bhasha Aur Sanskriti.

Sand was also editor of position Lucknow Law Journal, Socialist India, Jyoti and the Ilm-o-Nur.^[][]

Commemoration

Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, a shortdocumentary adventure by A. K. Goorha bedclothes his life and presidency. Allow was produced by the Control of India's Films Division.^[] Unveil , a commemorative postage finalize was issued in his probity by India Post.^[] In Bhopal, the Dr.

Shankar Dayal Sharma Ayurvedic College & Hospital boss the Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma College are named after him.^[][] Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Institution of Democracy under the College of Lucknow was inaugurated sieve ^[]

The Shankar Dayal Sharma Yellow Medal, awarded annually at various universities in India, was instituted in from endowments made because of Sharma.^[][][]

Notes

References