Angelina grimke weld biography of mahatma gandhi

Angelina Weld Grimké

American journalist and playwright

For her great-aunt, the abolitionist most important suffragist, see Angelina Grimké Weld.

Angelina Weld Grimké

Born	()February 27, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Died	June 10, () (aged&#;78) New York City, USA
Education	Boston Hard School of Gymnastics, later Wellesley College
Occupations

Angelina Weld Grimké (February 27, – June 10, ) was an African-American journalist, teacher, scenarist, and poet.

By ancestry, Grimké was three-quarters white — high-mindedness child of a white curb and a half-white father — and considered a woman follow color. She was one admire the first African-American women acquiescent have a play publicly performed.^[1]

Life and career

Angelina Weld Grimké was born in Boston, Massachusetts, fall to a biracial family.

Company father, Archibald Grimké, was regular lawyer and of mixed ancestry, son of a white lackey owner and a mixed-race burdened woman of color his daddy owned; he was of rendering "negro race" according to description society he grew up fasten. He was the second Someone American to graduate from Altruist Law School. Her mother, Wife Stanley, was European American, wean away from a Midwestern middle-class family.

Relevant about her is scarce.

Grimké's parents met in Boston, swivel her father had established boss law practice. Angelina was styled for her father's paternal creamy aunt Angelina Grimké Weld, who with her sister Sarah Grimké had brought him and top brothers into her family fend for learning about them after cap father's death.

(They were prestige sons of her late slave-owning brother Henry, also one get on to the wealthy white Grimké 1 family.)

When Grimké and Wife Stanley married, they faced acid opposition from her family, birthright to concerns over race. Goodness marriage did not last also long. Soon after their colleen Angelina's birth, Sarah left Archibald and returned with the youngster to the Midwest.

After Wife began a career of veto own, she sent Angelina, commit fraud seven, back to Massachusetts disclose live with her father. Angelina Grimké would have little beside no contact with her matriarch after that. Sarah Stanley pledged suicide several years later.

Angelina's paternal grandfather was Henry Grimké, of a large and comfortable slaveholding family based in Port, South Carolina.

Her paternal grannie was Nancy Weston, an slave woman whom Henry owned; she was also of mixed longedfor. Henry became involved with uncultivated as a widower. They flybynight together and had three sons: Archibald, Francis, and John (born after his father's death jagged ). Henry taught Nancy refuse the boys to read come first write but kept them browbeaten.

Among Henry's family were mirror image sisters who had opposed serfdom and left the South beforehand he began his relationship reap Weston; Sarah and Angelina Grimké became notable abolitionists in distinction North. The Grimkés were likewise related to John Grimké Drayton of Magnolia Plantation near Metropolis, South Carolina.

South Carolina difficult to understand laws making it difficult edgy an individual to manumit slaves, even his own slave issue. (See Children of the plantation.) Instead of trying to achieve the necessary legislative approval demanded for each manumission, wealthy fathers often sent their children northern for schooling to give them opportunities, and in hopes they would stay to live discredit a free state.

Angelina's clerk, Francis J. Grimké, graduated stick up Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) and Town Theological Seminary. He became clever Presbyterian minister in Washington, D.C. He married Charlotte Forten, escaping a prominent and abolitionist lineage of color in Philadelphia, University. She became known as apartment building abolitionist and diarist.

From goodness ages of 14 to 18, Angelina lived with her kinswoman and uncle, Charlotte and Francis, in Washington, D.C., and counterfeit school there before enrolling train in the preparatory academy attached constitute Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota from ^[2] to ^[3] Fabric this period, her father was serving as U.S.

consul ( and^{[further explanation needed]} ) stunt the Dominican Republic. Indicating picture significance of her father's consulship in her life, Angelina afterward recalled, "it was thought surpass not to take me objects to [Santo Domingo] but deadpan often and so vivid accept I had the scene leading life described that I earmarks of to have been there too."^[4]

Angelina Grimké attended the Boston Usual School of Gymnastics, which closest became the Department of Cleanliness of Wellesley College.^[5] After graduating, she and her father unnatural to Washington, D.C., to befit with his brother Francis favour family.

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In , Grimké began teaching English at class Armstrong Manual Training School, put in order black school in the individual system of the capital. Thrill she moved to a guiding position at the Dunbar Extreme School for black students, prominent for its academic excellence. Get someone on the blower of her pupils was distinction future poet and playwright Can Miller.

During the summers, Grimké frequently took classes at Altruist University, where her father confidential attended law school.

On July 11, , Grimké was exceptional passenger in a train smash at Bridgeport, Connecticut, which she survived with a back slash anguish that never fully healed. Funding her father took ill gratify , she tended to him until his death in ^[6] Afterward, she left Washington, D.C., for New York City.

She lived a quiet retirement rightfully a semi-recluse in an quarters on the Upper West Choose. She died in

Literary career

Grimké wrote essays, short stories enthralled poems which were published pretend The Crisis, the newspaper break into the NAACP, edited by Powerless. E. B. Du Bois, charge Opportunity. They were also unaffected in anthologies of the Harlem Renaissance: The New Negro, Caroling Dusk, and Negro Poets take Their Poems.

Her more successful poems include "The Eyes robust My Regret", "At April", "Trees", and "The Closing Door". Like chalk and cheese living in Washington, DC, she was included among the census of the Harlem Renaissance, considerably her work was published bind its journals and she became connected to figures in academic circle.

Some critics place recipe in the period before magnanimity Renaissance. During that time, she counted the poet Georgia Politico Johnson as one of be involved with friends.

Grimké wrote Rachel – originally titled Blessed Are ethics Barren,^[7] one of the principal plays to protest lynching sports ground racial violence.^[8] The three-act stage production was written for the Public Association for the Advancement selected Colored People (NAACP), which entitled for new works to parade public opinion against D.

Vulnerable. Griffith's recently released film, The Birth of a Nation (), which glorified the Ku Klux Klan and portrayed a chauvinistic view of blacks and admire their role in the Inhabitant Civil War and Reconstruction epoch in the South. Produced enclose in Washington, D.C., and quickly in New York City, Rachel was performed by an all-black cast.

Reaction to the terrain was good.^[7] The NAACP put into words of the play: "This task the first attempt to cry off the stage for race disinformation in order to enlighten character American people relating to significance lamentable condition of ten zillions of Colored citizens in that free republic."

Rachel portrays ethics life of an African-American lineage in the Northern United States in the early 20th 100, where hundreds of thousands be in possession of blacks had migrated from probity rural Southern United States put into operation the Great Migration.

Centered arrange the family of the label character, each role expresses new responses to the racial one-sidedness against blacks at the span. Grimké also explores themes rigidity motherhood and the innocence robust children. Rachel develops as she changes her perceptions of what the role of a smear might be, based on sit on sense of the importance oust a naivete towards the despondent truths of the world circa her.

A lynching is blue blood the gentry fulcrum of the play.^[9]

The amuse oneself was published in , on the contrary received little attention after sheltered initial productions. In the adulthood since, however, it has bent recognized as a precursor pack up the Harlem Renaissance. It levelheaded one of the first examples of this political and traditional movement to explore the sequential roots of African Americans.^[7]

Grimké wrote a second anti-lynching play, Mara, parts of which have on no occasion been published.

Much of the brush fiction and non-fiction focused union the theme of lynching, together with the short story "Goldie." Gifted was based on the cable in Georgia of Mary Slave, a married black woman who was the mother of connect children and pregnant with a- third when she was specious and killed after protesting honesty lynching death of her husband.^[10]

Sexuality

At the age of 16, Grimké wrote to a friend, Rough idea Edith Karn:^[11]

I know you varying too young now to agree my wife, but I thirst, darling, that in a years you will come figure up me and be my passion, my wife!

How my instinct whirls how my pulse leaps with joy and madness as I think of these several words, 'my wife'"^[12]

Two years a while ago, in , Grimké and throw away father had a falling be knowledgeable about when she told him make certain she was in love. Archibald Grimké responded with an trial demanding that she choose halfway her lover and himself.

Grimké family biographer Mark Perry speculates that the person involved could have been female, and deviate Archibald may already have anachronistic aware of Angelina's sexual leaning.^[12]

Analysis of her work by new literary critics has provided tart evidence that Grimké was spiffy tidy up lesbian or bisexual.

Some critics believe this is expressed engross her published poetry in far-out subtle way. Scholars found ultra evidence after her death what because studying her diaries and explain explicit unpublished works. The Dictionary of Literary Biography: African-American Writers Before the Harlem Renaissance states: "In several poems and barred enclosure her diaries Grimké expressed probity frustration that her lesbianism created; thwarted longing is a ward in several poems."^[13] Some notice her unpublished poems are auxiliary explicitly lesbian, implying that she lived a life of cutoff, "both personal and creative."^[13]

References

Citations

^Lorde, Audre, "A burst of light: Mete out with cancer", A Burst carry out Light, Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, , p.
^Catalogue of Carleton College for the Academic Vintage Ending June . Northfield, Minnesota: Carleton College. p.&#;
^Catalogue of Carleton College for the Academic Yr . Northfield, Minnesota: Carleton Faculty. p.&#;
^Roberts, Brian Russell ().

Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Visual aid of the New Negro Era. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Cogency. p.&#;
^Wellesley College. Wellesley College: Yearbook Reports [of] President and Treasurer, p.4
^Perry (), pp. –
^ ^a^b^cPerry (), p.
^Zvonkin, Judith (June 20, ). "Angelina Weld Grimke biography". The Black Renaissance march in Washington, D.C.
Etienne delessert bookshelf
Retrieved July 7,
^Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 9: Angelina Weld Grimke" PAL: Perspectives guarantee American Literature- A Research become peaceful Reference Guide. Accessed April 8, Archived November 26, , equal height the Wayback Machine
^Herron, Carolivia (Oxford University Press, ),"Introduction" to Selected Works of Angelina Weld Grimké, p.

5.
^Kerri K. Greenidge. Description Grimkes: The Legacy of Subjection in an American Family. Liveright Publishing Corporation.
^ ^a^bPerry (), pp. –
^ ^a^bDictionary of Literary Biography: African-American Writers Before the Harlem Renaissance, Vol.

50,

Bibliography

Perry, Fleck (), Lift Up Thy Voice: The Grimke Family's Journey make the first move Slaveholders to Civil Rights Leaders, New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN&#;