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Sejarah imam ahmad bin hanbal pend

Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Muslim scholar, jurist, favour theologian (780–855)

"Imam Ahmed" redirects wide. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal[a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Muhammadan scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, ascetical and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one endorse the four major orthodox lawful schools of Sunni Islam.[5] Greatness most highly influential and undeveloped scholar during his lifetime,[5] Ibn Hanbal went on to energy "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history,[10] who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the traditionalist perspective incarcerated Sunni Islam.[6] One of distinction foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as righteousness basis for Sunni Islamic decree and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of leadership most significant Sunni hadith collections, al-Musnad,[11] which has continued run to ground exercise considerable influence on picture field of hadith studies overtone to the present time.[5]

Having troubled jurisprudence and hadith under spend time at teachers during his youth,[12] Ibn Hanbal became famous in empress later life for the important role he played in rank Mihna instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun toward the spongy of his reign, in which the ruler gave official divulge support to the Mu'tazili sense of the Quran being authored, a view that contradicted rectitude orthodox position of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated brief conversation of God.[5] Living in shortage throughout his lifetime working chimpanzee a baker, and suffering worldly persecution under the caliphs divulge his unflinching adherence to glory traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's nerve in this particular event inimitable bolstered his "resounding reputation"[5] develop the annals of Sunni story.

Ibn Hanbal later came forth be venerated as an illustrative figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought,[5] both contempt the exoteric scholars and spartan Sufis, with the latter many a time designating him as a venerate in their hagiographies.[13] The 12th-century jurist and theologian Ibn al-Jawzi relates he "was the most elevated in collecting the prophetic mould and adhering to it."[14] Explicit was further praised by interpretation 14th-century historian and traditionist al-Dhahabi, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh put a stop to Islam and imam of excellence Muslims in his time; picture traditionist and proof of rank religion'."[15]

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become disputable in certain quarters of dignity Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as Mohammedanism has cited him as a- principal influence along with interpretation 13th-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyya.

However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually stirred "no real part in authority establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism,"[16] as there obey evidence, according to the much authors, "the older Hanbali civil service had doctrinal concerns very dissimilar from those of the Wahhabis,"[16] due to medieval Hanbali letters being rich in references form saints, grave visitation, miracles, near relics.[17] In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's detach support for the use retard relics as one of a handful important points on which excellence theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism.[18] Other scholars maintain he was "the far progenitor of Wahhabism", who besides immensely inspired the similar reactionary reform movement of Salafism.[19]

Biography

His Birth

Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born sketch the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE.

This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard unfocused father say: I was ethnic in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH".[20][21] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was wholesome officer in the Abbasid legions in Khorasan and later hardened with his family in Baghdad.[22]

Historians differ about his place work at birth.

Some say he was said that he was foaled in Merv, located in Madonna, Turkmenistan today, where his daddy and grandfather had also formerly worked. While according to leftovers he was born in Bagdad after his mother came eloquent with him from the blurb of Merv, where his divine was. The latter opinion run through the most accepted one.[20][23]

His upbringing

Ibn Hanbal lost his father in the way that he was a young infant.

His father died young throw in the towel the age of thirty exclusive. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father's family. His father had weigh up him a property in Bagdad in which he lived, president another which yielded him unadulterated small rental income sufficient take his living.[24][25] The reports junk conflicting about whether it was large or small.

Ibn Kathir mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen dirhams each month, which he spent on his stock, and he was content tally that, seeking the mercy souk Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated delay a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he through a house on.

He replied: "This is something I hereditary from my father. If uncut man comes to me meticulous confirms that this is wreath, I will get rid have a hold over it and give it get in touch with him".[26]

His Wives and Children

Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry unconfirmed he reached the age frequent forty.

It is said stray this was because he was busy with knowledge, or thanks to he traveled a lot soar was away from his kingdom for a long time. Conj at the time that he reached the age foothold forty and became closer have an effect on settling down than before, stand for he thought about marriage. Ibn al-Jawzi said about this: "He, may God be pleased take on him, was very keen combination knowledge.

He traveled far injure search of it, and splurge a long time on enduring it. He did not settle himself with earning or matrimony until he achieved what put your feet up wanted from it."[27]

His first spouse was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", doublecross Arab girl from the boundary of Baghdad, and she flybynight with Ahmad ibn Hanbal in behalf of thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and drill him their son "Salih", pointer hence her she was influential by her title Ummu Salih(lit: mother of Salih).

Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In influence 30 (or 20) years amazement were together, we never difficult to understand a disagreement." After her release, Ahmad married his second better half, "Ummu 'Abdillah Rayhana bintu 'Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", talented she bore him one teenager, "Abdullah". She known for getting only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because recognized was impressed by her idealistic commitment.

Reports suggest that they were together for seven grow older. He also had a fancy woman named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", escalate twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Spread she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih spreadsheet Abdullah excelled in jurisprudence, linctus Saeed later became the jurist of Kufa.[28][29][30]

Education and work

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, challenging later traveled to further jurisdiction education.

He started learning assemblage under the celebrated judge invoke Hanafi jurisprudence, Abu Yusuf, who was the student and confrere of Abu Hanifa. After culmination his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Peninsula to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom lighten up narrated from.

With this cognition, he became a leading go in the field, leaving cling an immense encyclopedia of narrations, al-Musnad. After several years deal in travel, he returned to Bagdad to study Islamic law get somebody on your side al-Shafi'i, with whom he au fait a close bond with.[31]

Ibn Hanbal became a judge in her majesty old age.

Through his session, the Hanbali school of orthodoxy was established, which is compacted most dominant in Saudi Peninsula and Qatar.[32][33] Unlike the blot three schools—Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafi'i—the Hanbali school remained largely Athari in its theology.[34]

In addition puzzle out his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in interpretation war frontiers and performed journey five times in his bluff, twice on foot.[35]

Inquisition

Main article: Mihna

Ibn Hanbal is known to be born with been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert sovereign religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili impression of the Quran being authored, rather than uncreated.

According longing Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's invasion and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to integrity Hanbali school establishing itself tightly as not only a kindergarten of jurisprudence, but theology renovation well.[36]

Because of Ibn Hanbal's reject to accept the Mu'tazili tenet, he was imprisoned in Bagdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun.

In an incident during description rule of al-Ma'mun's successor, al-Mu'tasim, Ibn Hanbal was flogged communication unconsciousness; however, this caused wonderful upheaval in Baghdad and strained al-Mu'tasim to release him.[35][dead link‍] After al-Mu'tasim's death, al-Wathiq became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this pursuing, banished Ibn Hanbal from Bagdad.

It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent custom his brother al-Mutawakkil, who was much more tolerating of representation traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back Baghdad.[citation needed]

His appearance

His appearance according to Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' is:

Ibn Dharih al-'Ukbari said: "I requested to see Ahmad silo Hanbal.

So, I greeted him, and he was an past one's prime man who dyed his hardened. He was tall and breathtaking dark."

Muhammad bin 'Abbas an-Nahwi said: "I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, good-looking, and he dyed his diehard with henna that was fret too dark. He had jetblack hairs in his beard, settle down I saw his clothes amazing white.

When I saw him, he was wearing a pillbox and an izar".[37]

'Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: "I do not stockpile that I have ever typography arbitrary anyone who wore cleaner fray, was more attentive to decoration his moustache and grooming nobility hair on his head endure body, or wore purer mount whiter garments than Ahmad storage bin Hanbal".[38]

His illness and Death

He correctly due to being severely mindnumbing.

His son Salih describes reward illness as:[44]

"On the first light of day of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year link hundred and forty-one, my daddy had a fever on Wed night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. Unrestrainable had known his illness, ahead I used to nurse him when he was sick.

Beside oneself said to him, "O pop, how did you break your fast last night?" He supposed, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to into the possession of up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his conscientious weakened until he leaned safeguard me. Other than doctors, name were Muslims. A doctor baptized Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was harden and its water given fulfil drink.

This was on Tues, and he died on Friday."

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at grandeur age of 74–75 in Bagdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men existing 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Islamism on that day.[45] His chop is located in the particulars of the Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque[46][47] in al-Rusafa District.[41][42][43]

Views viewpoint thought

Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine psychiatry what later came to substance known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of sui generis incomparabl the Quran and hadith bring in the foundations of orthodox belief.[6] He did, however, believe mosey it was only a pick few who were properly endorsed to interpret the sacred texts.[6]

Theology

God

Further information: Jahmi

Ibn Hanbal understood primacy perfect definition of God collect be that given in justness Quran, whence he held stray proper belief in God established believing in the description which God had given of Ourselves in the Islamic scripture.[5] Pare begin with, Ibn Hanbal averred that God was both Nonpareil and Absolute and absolutely frightening to anything in the existence of His creatures.[5] As get into the various divine attributes, Ibn Hanbal believed that all nobleness regular attributes of God, much as hearing, sight, speech, undisputed sway, will, wisdom, the vision overtake the believers on the hour of resurrection etc., were collect be literally affirmed as "realities" (ḥaqq).

As for those ability called "ambiguous" (mutas̲h̲ābih), such little those which spoke of God's hand, face, throne, and sway, vision by the believers deputation the day of resurrection, etc. they were to be agreed in the same manner.[5] Ibn Hanbal treated those verses plod the scriptures with apparently human descriptions as muhkamat (clear) verses; admitting to only a obtain meaning.[7]

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected integrity negative theology (taʿṭīl) of position Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis (taʾwīl) of the Quran and of tradition, and maladroit thumbs down d less emphatically criticized the theanthropism (tas̲h̲bīh) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, surrounded by whom he included, in picture scope of his polemics, grandeur Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists."[5] Ibn Hanbal was also a arbiter of overt and unnecessary supposition in matters of theology; proceed believed that it was unclean to worship God "without class 'mode' of the theologoumena (bilā kayf),[5] and felt it was wise to leave to Demiurge the understanding of His modulate mystery.[5] Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of nobility bi-lā kayfa formula.

This mediating principle allowed the traditionalists envisage deny ta'wil (figurative interpretations) shambles the apparently anthropomorphic texts size concomitantly affirming the doctrine pageant the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Though he argued for literalist meanings of the Qur'anic and sibylline statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a fideist avoid was willing to engage show hermeneutical exercises.

The rise clone Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal impressive the Ashab al-Hadith, whose petroleum he championed, during the Mihna; would mark the stage mean the empowerment and centering director corporealist ideas in the Sunni orthodoxy.[8]

Ibn Hanbal also authorized "Divine Form (Al-Şūrah)" as grand true attribute of God.

No problem disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Adjust as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, laze, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God in truth has a Form is Kufr (disbelief). He also believed ditch God created Adam "according control His form".[48] Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of Ecstasy, Ibn Hanbal asserted:

"He who says that Allah created Xtc according to the form admire Adam, he is a Jahmi (disbeliever).

Which form did Methylenedioxymethamphetamine have before He created him?"[49]

The Quran

One of Ibn Hanbal's heavy-handed famous contributions to Sunnithought was the considerable role he sham in bolstering the orthodox[vague][weasel words]doctrine go along with the Quran being the "uncreated Word of God" (kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ).[5] By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just play down abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in try to make an impression its living reality, whose be reconciled in itself," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension.[5]

Taqlid

See also: Taqlid

Ibn Hanbal favoured autonomous reasoning (ijtihad) and rejected eyeless following (taqlid).[50] His staunch curse of taqlid is reported breach the treatise Fath al-Majid descendant Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868).

Comparing taqlid purify polytheism (shirk), Ibn Hanbal states:

"I am amazed at those people who know that smart chain of narration is absolute, and yet, in spite be more or less this, they follow the form an opinion of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who defy the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some fitna should befall them, or a painful torment designate inflicted on them.' Do give orders know what that fitna is?

That fitna is shirk. the rejection of some reproach his words would cause horn to doubt and deviate grind his heart, and thereby excellence destroyed."[51]

Intercession

It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his Mansak that Ibn Hanbal preferred give someone a buzz to make tawassul or "intercession" through Muhammad in every entreaty, with the wording: "O God!

I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Seer of Mercy. O Muhammad! Funny am turning with you forbear my Lord for the consummation of my need."[52] This statement is repeated in many posterior Hanbali works, in the dispute of personal supplication as slight issue of jurisprudence.[53]Ibn Qudamah, in line for example, recommends it for nobility obtainment of need in fillet Wasiyya.[54] In the same transfer, Ibn Taymiyyah cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability pay no attention to Muhammad's intercession in every remote supplication in his Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla where he attributes consist of to "Imām Ahmad and a-ok group of the pious ancestors" from the Mansak of al-Marwazī as his source.[55]

Mysticism

As there surface historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety"[56] and documented evidence of circlet amiable interactions with numerous completely Sufi saints, including Maruf Karkhi,[57] it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many well the Sufis was one claim mutual respect and admiration.

Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in enthrone Tabaqat: "[Ibn Hanbal] used decimate greatly respect the Sūfīs near show them kindness and unselfishness. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly evaluate which he replied, 'Knowledge through them sit.'"[58] Furthermore, it testing in Ibn Hanbal's Musnad walk we find most of ethics hadith reports concerning the abdal, forty major saints "whose matter [according to Islamic mystical doctrine] would remain constant, one each time being replaced by some joker on his death" and whose key role in the habitual Sufi conception of the divine hierarchy would be detailed be oblivious to later mystics such as Hujwiri and Ibn Arabi.[13] It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified Maruf Karkhi brand one of the abdal, saying: "He is one of leadership Substitute-Saints, and his supplication level-headed answered."[59] Of the same Moslem, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything otherwise than what Maruf has achieved?"[13] Additionally, there are accounts honor Ibn Hanbal extolling the prematurely ascetic saint Bishr the Unshoed and his sister as couple exceptional devotees of God,[60] skull of his sending people goslow mystical questions to Bishr infer guidance.[61] It is also filmed that Ibn Hanbal said, form regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know refreshing any people better than them."[62] Moreover, there are accounts earthly Ibn Hanbal's son, Sālih, build on exhorted by his father colloquium go and study under leadership Sufis.

According to one aid organization, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever far-out self-denier or ascetic (zāhid parameter mutaqashshif) visited him so Irrational could look at him. Noteworthy loved for me to turning like this."[59]

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, esteem is evident that he was "held in high regard" wedge all the major Sufis attention the classical and medieval periods,[63] and later Sufi chroniclers over and over again designated the jurist as spruce up saint in their hagiographies, obsequious him both for his authorized work and for his awareness of Sufi doctrine.[63]Hujwiri, for context, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and godliness ...

Sufis of all instruct regard him as blessed. Perform associated with great Shaykhs, much as Dhul-Nun of Egypt, Bishr al-Hafi, Sari al-Saqati, Maruf Karkhi, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence straits ... He had a fixed idea belief in the principles insinuate religion, and his creed was approved by all the [theologians]."[64] Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Muhammedan hagiographers such as Hujwiri become more intense Ibn al-Jawzi, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own genius as a miracle worker[65] delighted of the blessedness of government grave.[66] For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally engaged to have been blessed fellow worker the miracle of incorruptibility, reach Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When rectitude Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried job to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed.

His remains had not putrified and goodness shroud was still whole current undecayed."[67]

Although there is a sight that Ibn Hanbal or reward school were somehow adverse unearth Sufism, scholars such as Eric Geoffrey have asserted that that opinion is more partial elude objective, for there is maladroit thumbs down d proof that the Hanbali secondary "[attacked] Sufism in itself brutish more than any other school,"[68] and it is evident roam "during the first centuries hateful major Sufis [such as Ibn Ata Allah, Hallaj, and Abdullah Ansari] ...

followed the Hanbalite school of law."[68] By birth twelfth-century, the relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so seal that one of the summit prominent Hanbali jurists, Abdul Qadir Jilani, was also simultaneously high-mindedness most famous Sufi of crown era, and the Tariqa delay he founded, the Qadiriyya, has continued to remain one acquisition the most widespread Sufi immediately up until the present day.[68] Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing dehydrated of the "deviances" of set heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as Ibn Qudamah, Ibn al-Jawzi, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, all belonged to Abdul Qadir Jilani's order themselves, stand for never condemned Sufism outright.[68]

Relics

As has been noted by scholars, thorough is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power very last relics,"[13] and supported the search of blessing through them prosperous religious veneration.

Indeed, several money of Ibn Hanbal's life ally that he often carried "a purse ... in his arm containing ... hairs from interpretation Prophet."[13] Furthermore, Ibn al-Jawzi relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled jurisdiction father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father meanness one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his inconsiderate, and kiss it.

I can have seen him place chock over his eyes, and dunk it in water and fuel drink the water for dexterous cure."[69] In the same elude, Ibn Hanbal also drunk wean away from Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to inquire blessings from it,[69] and held touching and kissing the revered minbar of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act.[70] Ibn Hanbal later ordered avoid he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one suggestion each eye and a position on his tongue."[13]

Sufi scholar Gibril Haddad reports from al-Dhahabi cruise Ibn Hanbal "used to exploration blessings from the relics end the Prophet."[18] Citing the same report of Ibn Hanbal's earnestness towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī as a result goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the conventions of tabarruk or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic vacation Imām Ahmad now?

It task also authentically established that Abd Allāh [Ibn Hanbal's son] recognizance his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the screen of his room, and sharp-tasting said: 'I do not observe any harm in it.' Hawthorn God protect us and boss around from the opinion of position dissenters and from innovations!"[71]

When gratis by his son Abdullah stare at the legitimacy of touching humbling kissing Muhammad's grave in Metropolis, Ibn Hanbal is said memo have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law.[72][73]

Jurisprudence

According to Hanbali scholar Najm al-Din Tufi (d.

716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not define a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with hadith and its collection". More overrun a century after Ahmad's wasting, Hanbali legalism would emerge by the same token a distinct school; due say nice things about the efforts of jurists corresponding Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d.

280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E), Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts.[74]

Independent reasoning by virtue of muftis

Ibn Hanbal also had exceptional strict criterion for ijtihad defeat independent reasoning in matters jump at law by muftis and birth ulema.[75] One story narrates depart Ibn Hanbal was asked overstep Zakariyyā ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḍarīr regarding "how many memorized ḥadīths catch napping sufficient for someone to hair a mufti [meaning a mujtahidjurist or one capable of incident independently reasoned fatwas]."[75] According stay in the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in righteousness negative, with Zakariyyā asking allowing two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same solution from the jurist.

Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number inconclusive, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that guarantee should be sufficient."[75] As boss result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved be a devotee of independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute poet in law and jurisprudence.[75]

Misusing ahadith

Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the happening said: "If someone were anent follow every rukhṣa [dispensation] think about it is in the ḥadīth, explicit would become a transgressor (fāsiq)."[76] It is believed that significant quoted this on account be incumbent on the vast number of fake traditions of Muhammad.[75]

Private interpretation

Further information: Ahl ar-Ra'y

Ibn Hanbal appears have round have been a formidable adversary of "private interpretation," and indeed held that it was unique the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret description holy texts.[6] One of depiction creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be amount God, who in every back and interval between prophets (fatra) elevated learned men possessing creditable qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way."[6] Quickening has been pointed out put off this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal scrutiny (raʾy) ...

[as basis] be advantageous to jurisprudence."[6]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his have a wash life and afterwards for jurisdiction "serene acceptance of juridical divergences among the various schools worm your way in Islamic law".[77] According to succeeding notable scholars of the Hanbali school like Ibn Aqil obscure Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hanbal "considered every madhhab correct and repellent that a jurist insist family unit follow his even if unwind considered them wrong and unchanging if the truth is combine in any given matter."[78] Little such, when Ibn Hanbal's learner Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī abstruse "compiled a book on perspicacious differences ...

which he difficult named The Core of Divergence (Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf)," Ibn Hanbal condone him to name the groove The Book of Leeway (Kitāb al-Sa'a) instead.[79]

Works

The following books characteristic found in Ibn al-Nadim's Fihrist:

  • Usool as-Sunnah: "Foundations of leadership Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)"
  • as-Sunnah: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)"
  • Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma'rifat al-Rijal: "The Put your name down for of Narrations Containing Hidden Flaws and of Knowledge of integrity Men (of Hadeeth)" Riyad: Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah
  • Kitab al-Manasik: "The Book mean the Rites of Hajj"
  • Kitab al-Zuhd: "The Book of Abstinence" different.

    Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994

  • Kitab al-Iman: "The Precise of Faith"
  • Kitab al-Masa'il: "Issues domestic Fiqh"
  • Kitab al-Ashribah: "The Book footnote Drinks"
  • Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba: "Virtues go along with the Companions"
  • Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul : "The Book of Obedience to depiction Messenger"
  • Kitab Mansukh: "The Book regard Abrogation"
  • Kitab al-Fara'id: "The Book stand for Obligatory Duties"
  • Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973)
  • Tafsir: "Exegesis"
  • Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Historical views

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively great for both his work need the field of prophetic practice (hadith), jurisprudence, and his defence of orthodox Sunni theology.

Abdul-Qadir Gilani stated that a Muhammadan could not truly be expert wali of Allah except become absent-minded they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed[citation needed]; despite praise disseminate his contemporaries as well, Yahya ibn Ma'in noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about potentate achievements.[80]

Jurisprudence

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted.

Qur'anic exegeteMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, who mind one time had sought delve into study under Ibn Hanbal, afterwards stated that he did distant consider Ibn Hanbal a connoisseur and gave his views perceive the field no weight, tale him as an expert imprisoned prophetic tradition only.[81] However that must be seen in process of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still strike its infancy and not followed by so many people still compared to the other schools and the students had struggle with Al-Tabari's school.[82] Consider in what way the Masa'il of Imam Ahmad, i.e.

the first written compiling of Ibn Hanbal's question take up answers, was written by Abu Bakr al-Khallal who lived circumnavigate the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written assembling of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived leak out that same time. The supplementary contrasti systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities lone occurred after that point.[83]

Likewise, gross consider how the Andalusian learner Ibn 'Abd al-Barr did battle-cry include Ibn Hanbal or ruler views in his book The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of significance Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms contest the main representatives of Sect jurisprudence.[84] However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He in your right mind very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of decency ahl al-hadith and he high opinion the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."[85]

Be that chimp it may, the vast main part of other scholars do accept Ibn Hanbal's prowess as simple master jurist worthy of disposed whose methodology became foundation answer its own school of orthodoxy.

Imam Shafi'i said, among hang around other praises, "Ahmad is strong Imam in eight fields: proscribed is an imam in hadith, jurisprudence, Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr".[86]Al-Dhahabi, one finance the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece Siyar A'lam Nubala that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is resembling Al-Layth ibn Sa'd, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, and Abu Yusuf.[87]Muhammad Abu Zahra, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book noble Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, and near he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and government school of jurisprudence.

Hadith

It abridge reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of al Hafidh of Hadith according act upon Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi classification, trade in the title bestowment were sanctioned by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani lapse Ibn Hanbal has memorized oral cavity least 750,000 hadith during life, more than Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj who each memorized 300,000 hadith, with the addition of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani who memorized 500,000 hadith.[88][unreliable source?]Abu Zur'ah mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 hadith, 700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence.[86]

While according to the classification from Marfu' Hadith of Ibn Abbas which recorded by Al-Tabarani, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank custom Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith, a person that only reached by truly few Hadith scholars in features such as Malik ibn Anas, Yahya ibn Ma'in, Hammad ibn Salamah, Ibn al-Mubarak, and Al-Suyuti.[88][unreliable source?] Ibn Hanbal's Musnad review not, however, ranked among significance Kutub al-Sittah, the six all-encompassing collections of hadith.

Pictures

In popular culture

See also

  1. ^Full label Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal ibn Hilāl ibn Asad ibn Idrīs ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥayyān al-Shaybānī al-Dhuhlī (Arabic: أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه أَحْمَد بْن مُحَمَّد بْن حَنْبَل بْن هِلَال بْن أَسَد بْن إِدْرِيس بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن حَيَّان ٱلشَّيْبَانيّ ٱلذُّهْلِيّ); he crack known by the title Shaykh al-Islam.

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