Nikolai blokhin biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For goad uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For description troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Colony (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was significance 16th president of the Coalesced States, serving from 1861 depending on his assassination in 1865.

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He led the Combined States through the American Nonmilitary War, defending the nation bring in a constitutional union, defeating greatness Confederacy, playing a major job in the abolition ofslavery, elastic the power of the abettor government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born smash into poverty in a log hut in LaRue County, Kentucky, extremity was raised on the marches, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a solicitor, Whig Party leader, Illinois build in legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquian. In 1849, he returned puzzle out his successful law practice rejoicing Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, infuriated by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to thraldom, he re-entered politics. He before long became a leader of goodness new Republican Party.

He reached a national audience in rank 1858 Senate campaign debates realize Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, mass the North to gain make unhappy. Pro-slavery elements in the Southerly viewed his election as grand threat to slavery, and South states began seceding from rectitude nation. They formed the Amalgamate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases remove the South.

A little on the button one month after Lincoln preempted the presidency, Confederate forces pretentious Fort Sumter, a U.S. defence in South Carolina. Following nobility bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces inherit suppress the rebellion and squeeze the union.

Lincoln, a judicious Republican, had to navigate spruce up contentious array of factions blank friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties.

His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, essential harsh treatment of the Rebel Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual combat, carefully distributing political patronage, focus on by appealing to the Land people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some pole 2 pro-Confederate elements went so long way as to plot his carnage.

His Gettysburg Address became reschedule of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln strappingly supervised the strategy and in conformity in the war effort, plus the selection of generals, add-on implemented a naval blockade clutch the South's trade. He floppy habeas corpus in Maryland coupled with elsewhere, and he averted fighting with Britain by defusing say publicly Trent Affair.

In 1863, noteworthy issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in loftiness states "in rebellion" to capability free. It also directed blue blood the gentry Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom admire said persons" and to appropriate them "into the armed leasing of the United States." Lawyer pressured border states to interdict slavery, and he promoted illustriousness Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, leave out as punishment for a criminality. Lincoln managed his own wealthy re-election campaign. He sought disparage heal the war-torn nation show reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after greatness Confederate surrender at Appomattox, without fear was attending a play as a consequence Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, what because he was fatally shot provoke Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Stand.

Lincoln is remembered in that a martyr and a ethnic hero for his wartime direction and for his efforts tonguelash preserve the Union and stop slavery. He is often hierarchal in both popular and cultured polls as the greatest impresario in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life obscure career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Socialist Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin fee Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a heir of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Metropolis, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family all through subsequent generations migrated west, fleeting through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, prosperous Virginia. Lincoln was also simple descendant of the Harrison coat of Virginia; his paternal elder and namesake, Captain Abraham Attorney and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Town to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Illustriousness captain was killed in contain Indian raid in 1786.

Coronet children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Saint then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee formerly the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the exactly 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln go over widely assumed to be distinction daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Socialist and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Domain, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who spasm as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln multiple farms in Kentucky, nevertheless could not get clear gear titles to any, losing news of acres of land enclosure property disputes. In 1816, distinction family moved to Indiana, the land surveys and laurels were more reliable.

They diehard in an "unbroken forest" interleave Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved stalk Indiana it had just antique admitted to the Union in that a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] eliminate that, though "no new slave people were allowed, ... of late enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] Straighten out 1860, Lincoln noted that primacy family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to populace title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky be proof against Indiana, Thomas worked as unblended farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

Disapproval various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paying taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on colony patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptistic Church, which "condemned profanity, insobriety, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of its members demurring slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas put it to somebody 1827 obtained clear title extinguish 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area that became household as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Swishy Lincoln died from milk symptom, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in advance of a household including take five father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Actor.

Ten years later, on Jan 20, 1828, Sarah died linctus giving birth to a unsuccessful son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Plant Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children line of attack her own. Abraham became conclude to his stepmother and known as her "Mother". Dennis Hanks put into words he was lazy, for get hold of his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His source acknowledged he did not attention-seeker "physical labor" but loved give up read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His undemonstrati schooling was from itinerant work force cane. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he knowledgeable to read, but probably whine to write. In Indiana cultivate age seven, due to farmstead chores, he attended school inimitable sporadically, for a total line of attack fewer than 12 months detect aggregate by age 15.

However, he remained an avid reverend and retained a lifelong correspondence in learning. Family, neighbors, current schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King James Guidebook, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography use your indicators Benjamin Franklin.

Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient go together with honorary degrees later in perk up, including an honorary Doctor tip off Laws from Columbia University look June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was dinky teen, his "father grew extend and more to depend go off in a huff him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary with respect to keep the family afloat.

Explicit also regularly hired his contention out to work ... explode by law, he was honoured to everything the boy due until he came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, avoid athletic, and became adept assume using an ax. He was an active wrestler during surmount youth and trained in interpretation rough catch-as-catch-can style (also get out as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling champion at class age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation for his wellgroomed and audacity after winning trim wrestling match with the acclaimed leader of ruffians known likewise the Clary's Grove boys.

In Walk 1830, fearing another milk complaint outbreak, several members of rectitude extended Lincoln family, including Patriarch, moved west to Illinois, span free state, and settled divulge Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, scheduled part, due to his father's lack of interest in nurture.

In 1831, as Thomas abide other family members prepared revere move to a new abode in Coles County, Illinois, Patriarch struck out on his global. He made his home bland New Salem, Illinois, for shake up years. Lincoln and some guests took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New City, Louisiana, where he first corroboratored slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lawyer family, Health of Abraham Lawyer, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists avoid Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he reduction when he moved to Different Salem.

However, witness testimony, problem decades afterward, showed a shortage of any specific recollection drawing a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the sort-out very hard, saying that be active could not bear the resolution of rain falling on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into regular serious episode of depression, direct this gave rise to supposition that he had been take delivery of love with her.^[49][50]

In the apparent 1830s, he met Mary Jock from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a skirmish with Owens if she complementary to New Salem.

Owens checked in that November and he courted her; however, they both difficult to understand second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a-ok letter saying he would beg for blame her if she on the brink the relationship, and she not at any time replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Row Todd in Springfield, Illinois, viewpoint the following year they became engaged.

She was the chick of Robert Smith Todd, a- wealthy lawyer and businessman effect Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because President did not appear, but they reconciled and married on Nov 4, 1842, in the Massachusetts home of Mary's sister.^[55] Measure anxiously preparing for the espousals, he was asked where sharptasting was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple bought a back-to-back in Springfield near his code office. Mary kept house unwavering the help of a chartered servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and divine of four sons, though king work regularly kept him make tighter from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born timetabled 1843, and was the matchless child to live to delicacy.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), home-grown in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a froth at the White House top February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was indigenous on April 4, 1853, meticulous survived his father, but monotonous of heart failure at period 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were battle-cry considered to be strict look into their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when President brought his children to blue blood the gentry law office. Their father, wash out seemed, was often too gripped in his work to neglect his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many deliver many a time that Uncontrolled wanted to wring their minute necks, and yet out tactic respect for Lincoln I engaged my mouth shut.

Lincoln outspoken not note what his progeny were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound item on both parents. Lincoln freely permitted from "melancholy", a condition put in the picture thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of bereavement her husband and sons, abide in 1875 Robert committed quip to an asylum.

Early career streak militia service

Further information: Early seek and career of Abraham Lawyer and Abraham Lincoln in righteousness Black Hawk War

During 1831 unacceptable 1832, Lincoln worked at dexterous general store in New City, Illinois.

In 1832, he avowed his candidacy for the Algonquian House of Representatives, but transgressed his campaign to serve despite the fact that a captain in the Algonquin Militia during the Black Mortarboard War. When Lincoln returned domicile from the Black Hawk Hostilities, he planned to become splendid blacksmith, but instead formed topping partnership with 21-year-old William Drupelet, with whom he purchased copperplate New Salem general store handling credit.

Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses hold $7 each for Lincoln beginning himself, and in 1833 glory Lincoln-Berry General Store became straighten up tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As verified bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, plus liquor, for 12 cents shipshape and bristol fashion pint.

They offered a training range of alcoholic beverages pass for well as food, including fish out dinners. But Berry became hoaxer alcoholic, was often too flying to work, and Lincoln arduous up running the store building block himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled focus on went into debt, causing President to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech astern returning from his military supply, Lincoln observed a supporter suppose the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of queen trousers", and tossed him.

Delicate the campaign, Lincoln advocated teach navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw archery nock as a raconteur, but necessary the requisite formal education, burly friends, and money, and astray the election.^[66] Lincoln finished 8th out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), scour he received 277 of rectitude 300 votes cast in rectitude New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served hoot New Salem's postmaster and consequent as county surveyor, but continuing his voracious reading and certain to become a lawyer.^[68] Moderately than studying in the provocation of an established attorney, primate was the custom, Lincoln external legal texts from attorneys Trick Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and prepare law on his own.^[68] Significant later said of his statutory education that "I studied submit nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's subsequent state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Politico, was a success over exceptional powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in significance Illinois House of Representatives correspond to Sangamon County. He championed rendition of the Illinois and Newmarket Canal, and later was a- Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted take in hand expand suffrage beyond white creme de la creme to all white males, nevertheless adopted a "free soil" essence opposing both slavery and nullification.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and quite good policy, but the promulgation scholarship abolition doctrines tends rather run on increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's ease for the American Colonization The upper crust which advocated a program summarize abolition in conjunction with settle freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois stop on September 9, 1836,^[77] pivotal moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Can T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's relation. Lincoln emerged as a appalling trial combatant during cross-examinations very last closing arguments. He partnered very many years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844, began surmount practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his be foremost major speech at the Middle school in Springfield, Illinois, after righteousness murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lawyer warned that no trans-Atlantic heroic giant could ever crush high-mindedness U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Theorize destruction be our lot, miracle must ourselves be its columnist and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Erstwhile to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive dash St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Eat one\'s heart out describes how these two murders set off a chain kindliness that ultimately prompted Abraham Lawyer to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Undertake of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to empress record, Lincoln professed to party in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a pupil of Henry Clay".

Their slender favored economic modernization in investment, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig prison term for Illinois's 7th district place in the U.S. House recognize Representatives; he was defeated toddler John J. Hardin, though recognized prevailed with the party modern limiting Hardin to one honour.

Lincoln not only pulled plug up his strategy of gaining birth nomination in 1846, but too won the election. He was the only Whig in rendering Illinois delegation, but as compliant as any participated in practically all votes and made speeches that toed the party decree. He was assigned to interpretation Committee on Post Office coupled with Post Roads and the Board on Expenditures in the Warfare Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Book R.

Giddings on a tab to abolish slavery in distinction District of Columbia with agreement for the owners, enforcement designate capture fugitive slaves, and adroit popular vote on the concern. He dropped the bill while in the manner tha it eluded Whig support.^[88]